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India has potential to fight any new pandemic: Martin Schalling
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Rachel V Thomas | 09 Apr, 2023
Covid-19 is clearly not the last pandemic that the world has seen, and
India has the potential and mechanism to fight in the advent of a new
pandemic, according to Martin Schalling, Professor of Medical Genetics,
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, at the Karolinska
Institute in Sweden.
Speaking to IANS, Schalling said that Covid-19 is the first big pandemic in 100 years, but clearly not the last.
"We're
going to have more pandemics and how do we prepare ourselves to not be
as sort of troubled and helpless as we were in the early phases of
Covid-19 is the key," Schalling said.
"And there, I think there's
a lot that India can contribute -- both in the information technology
sphere and the digital health sphere -- to mitigate the problems of a
new pandemic," he said.
Schalling, who was in India to attend a
conference by Religare Enterprises on the occasion of World Health Day,
also detailed the mechanisms of post-Covid syndromes, also known as long
Covid. He also shared his views on the much-debated origins of
Covid-19.
Excerpts from the interview:
Can you explain what is long Covid? Is it just 'brain fog' as ambiguously described by the WHO?
Martin Schalling:
There's a lot that is not known about post Covid right now. Besides the
brain, it affects immunity, the heart system, and other organs of the
body. This is a virus that can infect almost all the human organs. And
as a consequence you can have lasting symptoms from many different
organs.
More specifically in the brain, we recently discovered
that when the virus infects brain cells it activates a sort of cleaning
cell in the brain called microglia. As a result, it starts a process
known as pruning, which reduces the amount of connectivity between nerve
cells, the so-called synapses.
We believe that the case where
you see a cognitive decline and a brain haze as a result of post Covid,
probably relates to this process where you sort of lose connectivity.
Are there any medical tests to gauge long Covid condition?
Martin Schalling:
Similar to how drugs help control the activity of the immune system to
cut down the ill effects of Covid, you can imagine that reducing the
pruning activity or these microglia might be a way forward to decrease
the effect of the brain dysfunction.
Having said that, I don't
think that today we have an arsenal of drugs that are really effective
towards the post-Covid problems.
It's more about mapping the
individual's problems and then trying to support them as much as
possible with rehabilitation and recovery at this stage, so there's a
lot more research that needs to be done.
Do you think the next pandemic will be something related to a zoonotic spillover or is it going to be something else?
Martin Schalling:
We have absolutely no idea. There were, as you know, a few outbreaks of
viruses similar to the SARS Covid virus, say in the decade or so,
before we had Covid-19.
The new pandemic doesn't have to be a
relative of these viruses, it could be you know, there are many zoonotic
risk factors as humans interact more and more and go deeper and deeper
into habitats that may have been more isolated before.
There's
always this risk of spillover. But the virus or other infections can
also occur through genetic changes that can be spontaneous.
While a viral source is likely, it is not necessarily the only one that can cause a new pandemic.
How can we tackle a new pandemic? What role can India play?
Martin Schalling:
We need to accumulate as much knowledge as we can about what to do,
sort of in a medical context, how do we handle pandemics more generally
or catastrophic events more generally, such that we have a readiness to
be able to act.
At the same time, I think that digital medical
solutions such as telemedicine and digital monitoring devices will
become very important in the future.
India can be a major
contributor in developing tomorrow's digital tools. I am convinced that
this is the major market of tomorrow in medicine.
I think that
the strength of India resides, among many other things in information
technology, and there is a strong global trend towards, you know,
creating what could be called the 'digital hospital'.
What's your opinion on the origins of Covid?
Martin Schalling:
I think it's quite clear that the origin of Covid was more specifically
from China. However, the big speculation is whether something got
released from a laboratory or it was a naturally occurring recombination
or such like, and I honestly, I don't know.
Personally, it
appears to me, like at least what we can say, it's not an intentional
release. So I think you can forget about conspiracy theories and ideas
that someone was out to hurt the human population -- that was clearly
not the case.
There could have been an accident of some sort, but
most likely, this was a natural phenomenon that occurred somewhere in
the vicinity of Wuhan in 2019.
(Rachel V Thomas can be contacted at rachel.t@ians.in)
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